In observational studies,positive correlations were found between male androgen levels and overall cognition,memory,executive function and spatial performance,and negative correlations were found between androgen levels and a variety of cognitive functions with aging.Mechanisms of androgen's effect on cognitive function have also been reported.The conclusions as to whether androgen supplementation improves cognitive function in older men also vary,with some studies concluding that testosterone supplementation improves cognitive function in androgen-deficient men,and some concluding the opposite,which will require larger randomised controlled trials in the future to further substantiate the role of testosterone treatment in preventing,for example,cognitive decline and dementia.
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