Recent advances in wastewater treatment for insensitive explosives
This article provides an overview of the physicochemical properties,toxicological implications,and wastewater treatment methods for common insensitive explosives.These materials were selected for investigation due to their higher water solubility compared to traditional explosives.The findings indicate that their toxicity varies from low to moderate.Notably,the photodegradation product of 1-nitroguanidine,when exposed to ultraviolet radiation,exhibited significantly increased toxicity in aquatic ecosystems.The physical methods primarily include adsorption and coagulation-sedimentation.Adsorption techniques can effectively remove these explosives from wastewater generated by facilities with lower volumes of effluent;however,there is a risk of secondary pollution associated with this approach.Coagulation-sedimentation is an economical and straightforward physical treatment method that effectively removes Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD)and color from wastewater containing Hexanitrostilbene(HNS)by utilizing microbial flocculants.This manuscript also discusses various chemical methods for wastewater treatment.Notably,the combination of ultrasonic treatment with Fenton's reagent has been shown to significantly improve the Total Organic Carbon removal rate from wastewater containing 2,4-dinitroanisole(DNAN).Fenton's reagent is recognized for its effectiveness in degrading wastewater from the explosive 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene(TATB).Furthermore,photo-irradiation has the potential to enhance the catalytic activity of Fenton's reagent.Additionally,when combined with C1O2,hydrodynamic cavitation can significantly increase the degradation rate of Hexanitrostilbene(HNS)compared to hydrodynamic cavitation alone.Similarly,photocatalytic oxidation has demonstrated rapid effectiveness in treating wastewater containing 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene(FOX-7).Catalytic wet air oxidation also shows promise for the treatment of high-concentration TATB wastewater.Additionally,the electrolytic method can be utilized to treat wastewater containing 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one(NTO),leading to the formation of the insensitive explosive Azoxy Triazolone(AZTO).In addition to these methods,the incorporation of a catalytic metal based on zero-valent magnesium can significantly enhance the removal rate of DNAN from wastewater.Advanced oxidation processes have emerged as one of the most extensively studied chemical approaches,demonstrating both efficiency and rapid processing times;however,they tend to be costly.Many components of wastewater are toxic to microorganisms,and research on the biological treatment of wastewater contaminated with insensitive explosives has been limited.The anaerobic-aerobic combination treatment process is the most commonly employed method.During the anaerobic phase,nitroaromatic compounds are converted into aniline derivatives,which improve the biodegradability of the waste water and facilitate more effective subsequent aerobic treatment.Phytoremediation is a relatively novel approach for treating explosive waste water.Notably,vetiver has demonstrated significant potential in removing DNAN and Nitroguanidine(NQ)from wastewater through this method.This manuscript suggests that future advancements in this field could focus on integrating various treatment methods to create a more comprehensive treatment system.
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