Genetic Characterization of the Hemagglutinin Gene of the Influenza A(H3N2)Virus in Zibo City,China,from 2012 to 2023
To characterize the hemagglutinin(HA)gene of the influenza A(H3N2)virus from 2012 to 2023 in Zibo City,China,to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of influenza epidemics.Thirty-nine strains of the HA gene of the influenza A(H3N2)virus isolated in Zibo City,China from 2012 to 2023 were sequenced.Bioinformatics software was used to analyze evolution and antigen variations.From 2012 to 2023,amino-acid variations occurred in four regions(A,B,C,E)in isolates of the influenza A(H3N2)virus sequenced in Zibo City,China.The D region was relatively conserved,and variation was not detected.From 2012 to 2016,some strains experienced N225D mutations in the left wall of receptor-binding sites.From 2016 to 2023,all strains experienced N225D mutations in the left wall.From 2016 to 2023,some strains experienced T131K mutations in the front wall.From 2019 to 2020,some strains experienced T135K and S137F mutations in the front wall,whereas the remaining sites did not undergo mutations.Compared with the corresponding annual reference vaccine strains recommended by World Health Organization(WHO),the isolated strains in each year showed an increase or loss of glycosylation sites,which occurred mostly in the front wall of A-region antigen sites and receptor-binding sites.All isolated strains were located in the 3C branch,and most of the annual influenza epidemic strains had concentrated branches,but there were also cases of multi-branch outbreaks in a certain year.Compared with the reference vaccine strain,the genetic distance between the isolated strains from 2015-2016 and 2019-2020 was far from the recommended vaccine strain for that year.From 2012 to 2023,the HA gene of the influenza A(H3N2)virus in Zibo City showed polymorphism and multi-branch evolutionary characteristics.In some years,there was a certain genetic distance between our strain and WHO-recommended vaccine strains,indicating that the degree of antigen matching may decrease.Close attention should be paid to the genetic variation of influenza viruses to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of influenza epidemics and vaccine screening.
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