By organizing and analyzing the rel-evant archives stored in the First Historical Ar-chives of China,it can be concluded that cases of"improper signature"in official documents dur-ing the Qing Dynasty can be divided into four cat-egories:cases of"leading signature",cases of"failure to sign",cases of"illegal signature",and cases of"proxy signature".Due to subjective fac-tors,identity,and circumstances,the punish-ment results of these cases exhibit a characteris-tic of alienation,ranging from a light punishment of three months'salary to a heavy punishment of dismissal.However,the main reason for this differentiated outcome lies in the conflict be-tween relevant legal provisions and judicial prac-tice,which forces investigating officials to exam-ine the details of the cases and match them with other laws,or to invoke laws that only prescribe punishment and principles,and do not have a guilty name as the basis for conviction.
Official documentsInappropri-ate signatureHua tiHua ya
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