An Analysis of Marx's"Truly Critical Worldview"——A Discussion focusing on Marx's Critique of Bruno Bauer's"Pure Critique"
Karl Marx(马克思)presented his new philosophy as"truly critical worldview",being directed against the young Hegelians(黑格尔派)represented by Bruno Bauer(布鲁诺·鲍威尔).As a reply to the conservative politics of the Prussian Government,Bruno Bauer based himself on"the philosophy of self-consciousness"and expanded his critique of religions to"pure critique"in late 1843,in the hope of realizing human freedom from the critique of"the limited self-consciousness"of the masses.In the course of his criticism of Bauer,Marx pointed out that Bauer's"pure critique"was an abstraction of human as"self-consciousness"or"spirit",and that he opposed"self-consciousness"to"substance"in every domain,which was in nature a retreat from Hegelism(黑格尔主义)to Kant-Fichtianism(康德费希特主义),"The freedom of self-consciousness"realized by Bruno Bauer through raising human's"self-consciousness"as a result of spiritual critique was a subjectivist freedom without realistic contents.Starting from"the realistic individual human",Marx pointed out that human was a product of society and history.To improve human freedom in the substantial sense,we cannot rely on"good will"or"universal self-consciousness"of the individual,but on the transformation of modern civic society and the foundation of"the true community".The debate between Marx's"truly critical world view"and Bauer's philosophy of"pure critique"reflected the difference between going backward to Kant-Fichtianism or going forward to develop Hegelism on the part of Hegel's disciples so as to realize individual freedom.
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