图局与图会:清代徽州图甲职能的乡族化
When Local Society Took over Functions of the Administrative Community System:The Rise of Ward Agencies and Ward Societies in Huizhou in the Qing Dynasty
刘永华1
作者信息
摘要
自明末以降,特别是清中叶以来,徽州、赣西等地先后出现了图会、图局等组织,这些组织的兴起,似与周期性的赋役加征滥派乱象颇有关系.由于各地生态环境、地域权力结构等因素有别,这些组织的形态也各有差异,不过它们具有共同之处,即采取组织化的形式,专门处理本群体的钱粮、差役等事务.这种居于图甲组织之外,又主要处理图甲事务的组织的兴起,体现了清代图甲职能的乡族化走向,即图甲制度依托图局、图会等乡族组织形态,来维持自身正常运转的发展趋向.在不少图会建立的过程中,本无密切社会联系的人群,为了共同应对王朝国家对资源的汲取聚集在一起,它们属于制度"打造"的社会,体现了王朝制度对明清社会的型塑,也是明清社会演进颇值注意的新动向.
Abstract
After the late Ming Dynasty,especially after the Mid-Qing Dynasty,Huizhou(徽州)and Western Jiangxi(赣西)regions witnessed the emergence of such local organizations as ward agencies(图局)and ward societies(图会).The rise of these organizations seemed to be closely connected to the periodic problems of additional taxation and excessive allocation of corvée labor.These organizations took various forms,due to differences in ecological environment,local power structure and other factors.But they had one thing in common,that is,they were established to specifically handle affairs related to land taxation and corvée labor in their own areas.The rise of such organizations,which existed outside the administrative community system(图甲制度),but mainly dealt with the affairs inside this system,means that they began to take over the functions of administrative community organizations and that the latter increasingly relied on the former to maintain their own regular operations.In the course of the founding of many such agencies and societies,groups of people who originally didn't have close social connections got together to deal with the frequent excessive extraction of resources by the imperial state.In this sense,they belonged to the society"made"by the imperial institutions,which not only shows how the imperial institutions shaped the society,but also reveals a noteworthy phenomenon concerning the evolution of the society in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
关键词
图甲组织/乡族/义图/图局/图会Key words
administrative community organization/lineage-community/charitable ward/ward agency/ward society引用本文复制引用
基金项目
北京大学人文社科人才启动费资助项目(7101303123)
出版年
2024
NETL
NSTL
万方数据