The Practice,Mechanism and Characteristics of Empowering Lifelong Learning in Swedish Higher Education
Combining the Swedish higher education policy and the background of the times,the practice of empowering lifelong learning in Swedish higher education in the formal academic system is sorted out and analyzed in this article.It is found that the practice of empowering lifelong learning in Swedish higher education can be divided into three stages:the expansion and consolidation phase from the 1970s to the 1980s,in which a series of reforms introduced by government of Sweden provided non-traditional students with equal access to higher education;the unbundling and consolidation phase from the 1990s to the 2010,in which Swedish higher education shifted from being supply-side oriented to being demand-side oriented,with a more pronounced tendency for higher education institutions to design their own programs and enrollment mechanisms;from 2011 to the present is the phase of renewal and transformation,in which Swedish higher education institutions have gained more autonomy,and have been able to design the whole set of systems of enrollment,cultivation,and awarding of degrees in a locally appropriate way.From above empowering lifelong learning practice,empowering mechanisms can be identified,including the development of diversified enrollment methods,the introduction of flexible curricula and the provision of solid financial security.And the active promotion by education policy,realistic and feasible system design and the positioning of universities "without walls" can also be extracted as characteristics.
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