How Higher Education Responds to the Demographic Crisis:the Game-breaking Experience of Japan and South Korea
Japan and South Korea are facing the most serious challenges of population aging and sub-replacement fertility in East Asia and globally.The profound changes in population structure have significantly impacted all aspects of society in these two countries,including higher education.From a historical perspective,the demographic shifts and gross enrollment ratios in higher education in Japan and South Korea have undergone three distinct phases.Currently,the dual pressures of sub-replacement fertility and an aging population pose significant challenges to the higher education systems of both countries,including oversaturation of the higher education supply market,lifelong education needs for the elderly population,mismatches between higher education supply and market demand,as well as large-scale aging of higher education teachers.As a result,Japan and South Korea have implemented systematic policies in higher education.These measures include scientifically adjusting the scale of higher education to enhance quality assurance;extensive creation of innovative learning spaces to promote lifelong learning;increasing financial investment in education while reducing students'spending on higher education;and deepening internationalization efforts within higher education to invigorate overseas human resources.
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