Vibration is a primary detrimental effect generated by blasting operations,and accurately evaluating its impact remains crucial and challenging.Based on the blasting excavation of a tunnel under the Central Yunnan Water Diversion Project,this study combines numerical simulation and field investigation to assess the damage characteris-tics of buildings affected by various factors.The results show that blasting vibration causes"X-shaped"cracks at the four corners of windows and doorways,while uneven settlement leads to 45° diagonal cracks.Subsequently,time-fre-quency analysis was performed on vibration data from buildings at varying distances from the blast source.The find-ings indicate that forced vibration predominates in building foundations,with minimal free vibration and quickly at-tenuating after the blasting load ends.As horizontal distance increases,the main frequency and blasting vibration en-ergy exhibit a downward trend based on Fast Fourier Transform(FFT)analysis.However,the main frequency is less sensitive to distance changes than energy.Additionally,the sensitivity of energy to distance varies across different fre-quency bands.Generally,energy in each frequency band rapidly attenuates close to the blast source,with slower at-tenuation as distance increases.Furthermore,as the distance from the last source increases,there is a shift in energy from higher to lower frequency bands towards lower frequency bands,and the effect of low-pass and high-filter results in distinct variations in energy attenuation within different frequency bands.Finally,the study highlights a significant disparity between human perception of blasting vibrations and building safety standards.Based on this observation,a comprehensive evaluation method is proposed to combine structural damage assessment with considerations of the hu-man settlement environment.
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