Pragmatism as a philosophical school originated in the United States,but the pragmatic thought has a long history in China.For a long time,there has been insufficient exploration of pragmatic ideas in Chinese traditional classics.Among the pre-Qin philosophers,the thoughts of Sun Tzu on defea-ting enemies and winning resonated with Peirce's pragmatic principles based on scientific logical think-ing,which can be seen as an important source of the theory of actual effect in China.The study found that Sun Tzu's emphasis on rational thinking and prioritizing effect reflects Peirce's maxim of pragma-tism.Sun Tzu's decision-making process of collecting data,optimal interpretation,and guiding behavior aligns with Peirce's abduction.Therefore,Sun Tzu is considered one of the most pragmatic thinkers in ancient China and a precursor to pragmatic thought for the Chinese nation and even the world.
The Art of WarPragmatismabductionthe theory of actual effectscientific method
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