青藏高原草地生态系统演化过程、可持续发展瓶颈及应对分析

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中文摘要：青藏高原面积巨大，自然条件恶劣，生态环境脆弱，具有生态、生产和生活的三生服务功能。自20世纪80年代以来，在气候变化、人口激增、市场冲击和经营管理模式改变等多种因素影响下，青藏高原草地生产服务功能逐渐被弱化，"人-地"矛盾凸显，如何实现青藏高原草地生态系统的可持续发展成为"关系人民福祉、关乎民族未来的大计"。基于此，本文梳理了青藏高原生态系统演化历史、植被演化过程及不同历史时期人类活动及区域经济-资源发展模式特征，发现:1)在大的时空间尺度下，青藏高原植被演替的主控因子为气候变化和剧烈的地质变迁，在小的时空尺度下，导致相同地理和气候单元植被特征分异的原因是放牧强度的分异，而草地过度放牧的原因同家庭牧场的管理、草地生态价值的可评估性、人口与生产力发展适配度等关系密切。2)规模化放牧在青藏高原区域具有数千年历史，并形成了人-草-畜协同演化的互利共生关系，青藏高原草地生态系统可持续发展需要在汲取当地传统知识和文化精华的基础之上，扩大草地生产的层次性，引入或研发以生产和生态效益共赢为目的的科学技术，完善和延伸草地生产产业链，完善高原生态系统生态价值评估体系，调动牧场管理者草地健康保护的主观能动性，完成草地健康监管奖惩制度，以生产力、管理和文化为调节手段提高青藏高原区域农牧业现代化和商品化程度，实现青藏高原草地生态系统资源可持续利用发展及区域生态文明建设。

外文标题：Exploration of the relationship between human activity and sustainable development on the alpine meadows of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau:History,dilemma,and strategy

外文摘要：The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,which covers a vast area with harsh climate conditions and a fragile ecological environment,provides three ecosystem service functions:ecology,production,and life activities.Since the 1980s,the grassland production and ecosystem service capacities of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have gradually been weakened as a result of climate change and unreasonable human activities,and the dilemma of balancing between improving the local economy and protecting habitats has become the outstanding issue in the area.Therefore,what would be a win-win strategy?Do grassland protection and local economic development have equal opportunity for sustainable development on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau?Moreover,how can a balance between those two aspects be achieved in local sustainable development?Based on studies of previous physical and social science achievements,the following results were found:1) The main controlling factors for vegetation succession on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are climate change and drastic geological events at a large spatiotemporal scale.2) The history of a nomadic lifestyle on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau dates back to thousands of years,and the symbiotic relationship formed among herders,livestock,and alpine grasslands over time has been mutually beneficial.The reason for the coexistence of multiple alpine grassland types under the same geographical and climatic environment was altered grazing intensities,where those that exceeded the capacity of forage production would lead to pasture degradation.The reason for overgrazing was the incompatibility between productivity and human development.3) The sustainable development of alpine grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau requires both reforms in management systems and scientific and technological innovation in animal husbandry production,as well as absorbing the essence of traditional grazing knowledge,increasing the level of production,and further diversifying the economy.

外文关键词：

Qinghai-Tibet Plateauecosystem service functionsustainable developmentecological civilizationpastoral managementdegraded grassland

作者：

林丽、孙睿藻、郭小伟、李茜、李以康、曹广民、周华坤、兰玉婷

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作者单位：

中国科学院西北高原生物研究所青海省寒区恢复生态学重点实验室,青海西宁 810008

中国地质调查局西宁自然资源综合调查中心,青海西宁 810000

中国气象局河南省农业气象保障与应用技术重点开放实验室,河南郑州 450003

河南省气象服务中心,河南郑州 450003

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关键词：

青藏高原生态系统服务功能可持续发展生态文明牧区管理退化草地

基金：

青海省科技援青项目国家自然科学基金项目2023年度青海省"昆仑英才·高端创新创业人才"培养拔尖人才项目

项目编号：

2024-QY-21142205038青人才字20241号

出版年：

2024

DOI：

10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2023-0096

草业科学

中国草原学会兰州大学草地农业科技学院

草业科学

CSTPCD北大核心

影响因子：0.854

ISSN：1001-0629

年,卷(期)：2024.41(8)