Understanding the relationship between the soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation is very important for effective vegetation restoration. A field survey and laboratory experiment to study this relationship in abandoned croplands on the Gullied-Hill Loess showed that species number in the aboveground vegetation was greater than that in the soil seed bank. Most species were in the Compositae, Granimeae, and Leguminoseae. The richness, diversity index, evenness index and ecological dominance of the soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation were not all significantly related to the year since abandonment (with the exception of the evenness index of the soil seed bank). Coefficients of species similarity between the soil seed bank and the aboveground vegetation ranged from 0.143 to 0. 414 and the mean value was 0. 261.