Current status and research progress of MRI for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy(TAO)is an autoimmune disease which leads the incidence of orbital disease in adults.Clinically,patients with TAO are classified into active and inactive phases mainly based on the clinical activity score(CAS).Determination of TAO activity is critical to the choice of treatment options,however CAS is influenced by clinician experience and patient complaints.Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)can not only provide anatomical information about the orbital structures,but also allow the analysis of pathological changes in each structure by quantitative evaluation.MRI conventional morphological sequences(T1WI,T2WI),magnetic resonance functional imaging(diffusion-weighted imaging,diffusion tensor imaging),magnetic resonance quantitative techniques(T1 mapping,T2 mapping),chemical shift imaging techniques(Dixion,iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation quentification sequence),and radiomics play an important role in the activity,severity,complication,and treatment responsiveness of TAO.In this paper,we concluded the application of these techniques to the involved structures(extraocular muscles,optic nerve,lacrimal gland and retro-orbital fat)in patients with TAO.It is expected to suggest the important value of multisequence and multiparameter MRI for the clinical management of TAO and to guide the choice of treatment options in the clinic.
thyroid-related ophthalmopathymagnetic resonance imagingdysthyroid optic neuropathyclinical activity scoreassessment of efficacy
万方数据
维普
