To better predict the impacts of tailings pond breaches and quantitatively understand the breach process and downstream effects,we prepared a composite model sand by mixing fine-grained tailing sand and expanded per-lite in a 1.5:1 volume ratio.Indoor tests and measurements of underwater angle of repose confirmed the feasibility of the composite model sand under similar conditions.Based on this,we conducted large-scale overtopping dam failure tests under extreme conditions to analyze the changes in dam breach process,flow process,section morphol-ogy evolution,phreatic line,inundation elevation and range.The physical model test lasted 140 minutes,during which the composite model sand discharge accounted for 10.76％of the total storage capacity,and downstream silt-ation accounted for 95.21％of this discharge.These results are consistent with the real-world situation of overtop-ping failure,demonstrating the reasonability and effectiveness of the composite model sand for more realistically simulating tailings pond breach processes.These findings also offer new insights for selecting model sand in future o-vertopping failure tests for tailings pond.
composite model sandtailings pondovertopping dam failuremodel testphreatic line
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