[Objective]Solid bitumen is commonly distributed in petroliferous basins worldwide,and it has been of great interest to the oil and gas exploration. Solid bitumen is particularly important for the oil and gas exploration in deep and ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs. However,a number of problems exist in the concrete application of solid bi-tumen in oil and gas exploration such as its reflectance is hard to determine under the microscope and the applicabili-ty of oil/gas-source correlation parameters of solid bitumen is constrained by its genesis type. If these problems are not addressed,achieved results may be incorrect. As a result,it is important to effectively analyze and summarize the multiple application of solid bitumen in the oil and gas exploration.[Methods]Based on extensive research,the mor-phological characteristics and genetic types of solid bitumen that are closely related to its application in the oil and gas exploration are systematic analyzed,and the multiple applications of solid bitumen in the oil and gas exploration are summarized. Finally,the advantages and disadvantages of the applications of solid bitumen in the oil and gas exploration are identified.[Results]The results are as follows. Solid bitumen is characterized by complex and diverse optical structures,such as isotropic,fine-grained mosaic,medium-grained mosaic,coarse-grained mosaic,coarse flow mosaic,domain,and fibrous optical structures,which are controlled by factors such as forma-tion environment and parent material composition. Solid bitumen also has complex and diverse ultramicroscopic mor-phology,such as massive,finger-like,vesicular,warty,sheet-like,thin-skinned globular,botryoidalis,and ver-micular ultramicroscopic morphology,which may be affected by factors such as migration and the generation and es-calation of natural gas. Solid bitumen has multiple genetic types,such as thermal chemical alteration,anaerobic or aerobic biodegradation,deasphalting,and thermochemical sulfate reduction,which have significant differences in organic element composition,carbon and sulfur isotope values,and biomarker composition. Furthermore,solid bitu-men can be used to indicate the generation,migration,and accumulation of oil and gas,and its reflectivity and laser Raman parameters can be used to indicate the thermal evolution maturity. In addition,the carbon isotopes,biomark-ers,trace and rare earth elements,and rhenium and osmium isotopes of solid bitumen can be applied to trace the origins of oil and gas. However,owing to the various formation mechanisms,the geochemical characteristics of solid bitumen with different genetic types derived from same parent rock are different,resulting in significant differences in the applicability of the oil/gas-source correlation parameters for solid bitumen with different genetic types. As a result,it is necessary to determine the genetic types of solid bitumen prior to the application of its oil/gas-source correlation parameters.[Conclusions]This study can provide strong support for the effective application of solid bitu-men in oil and gas exploration,playing an important guiding role in deep and ultra-deep oil and gas exploration.
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