Abstract
Bone defect is a serious problem for clinical orthopedics,and the construction of bone implants with ideal size,shape,structure and demanded biofunctions,etc.,is of great importance for bone repairs.Es-pecially,the endowment of implants with antibacterial activities is a promising strategy for the potential occurrence of infections during and/or after bone graft surgery.Three-dimensional(3D)printing,a hot technological strategy in tissue engineering,is increasingly applied in manufacturing various personal-ized,controlled and precise bone implants.However,significant challenges remain in overcoming infec-tions.In this systematic review,different 3D-printed antibacterial bone implants are critically reviewed,and a general summary of the latest researches is systemically expounded,in which different antibacterial agents are involved:(i)inorganic;(ii)organic micromolecule;(iii)organic macromolecule;(iv)"function-assist"materials.Moreover,designments of printing processes,loading methods of antibacterial agents,functional treatments of bone implants,and related antibacterial mechanisms are also discussed.Overall,it is demonstrated that antibacterial 3D-printed bone implants exhibit excellent bone regeneration and bacterial resistance.Especially,the limitations and future expectations on the strategies and the develop-ment of the"programmed"antibacterial implants,are highlighted.This systematic review can provide a comprehensive understanding and insightful guidance for further exploring promising antimicrobial bone implants.
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