Overview of the development of underground pumped hydro storage
For facilitating the achievement of carbon neutrality by 2060,the corresponding huge demand for energy storage needs to be met;however,the outputs of conventional pumped storage sites in China are insufficient to meet this demand.To solve this problem,this paper reviews the research on underground pumped storage in the United States,Russia,Singapore,Japan,and other countries.Subsequently,it proposes a low-cost underground pumped storage scheme based on hard rock boring machine(TBM)excavation.Further,it expounds the development status of three different types of underground pumped storage,namely,underground pumped storage with artificial excavation of underground space,underground pumped storage with abandoned mine reconstruction,and other underground(sea)pumped storage type.This paper introduces the key technologies and challenges associated with underground pumped storage,including the current situation of underground engineering construction and operation,and the development status of high-head pump turbine technology.Finally,this paper discusses the challenges of developing underground pumped storage,and proposes suggestions to prioritize the development of underground pumped storage with artificial excavation of underground space,further proposing key technologies for implementing this technology.This review shows that underground pumped storage is technologically feasible,economically feasible,and has obvious advantages.Thus,the authors of this paper suggest that China should strengthen the research and development,promotion,and application of underground pumped storage technology to achieve the carbon neutrality goal.
underground pumped hydro storagecarbon neutralitynew energy
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