Recent advances in rechargeable Li/Na-Cl2 batteries:From material construction to performance evaluation
The energy density of traditional lithium-ion batteries is increasingly unable to meet the demand for higher energy densities.Developing new high-energy-density secondary batteries is one way to address this challenge.Rechargeable Li/Na-Cl2 batteries,derived from commercial primary lithium thionyl chloride batteries,have garnered significant attention due to their high energy density,positioning them as strong contenders to replace traditional lithium-ion batteries.This review examines the recent literature on rechargeable Li/Na-Cl2 batteries,focusing on the design principles of materials and the assessment and prediction of electrochemical performance.For cathode carriers,we systematically discuss the impact of carbon materials,conjugated framework polymers,and other cathode designs on the first discharge capacity,reversible capacity,rate performance,and operational temperature of these batteries.In terms of electrolytes,we analyze solution strategies concerning the reaction mechanism,intermediate-phase products,and corrosion.Additionally,we briefly introduce new alloy anodes that are suitable for rechargeable Li/Na-Cl2 batteries.These batteries demonstrate promising performance in the realm of new secondary batteries,thanks to the rational design of cathode carriers and electrolyte system optimization,achieving a cycle life of up to 500 cycles,particularly under extreme operating conditions(operating at-80℃ with a current density of 16 A/g).However,challenges such as the slow conversion kinetics of chlorine species,low utilization rate of active chlorine species,and corrosion by chlorine species at the anode remain,posing significant barriers to further improvements.
rechargeable Li/Na-Cl2 batteryhigh energy densityelectrode materials designstructure-property relationshipselectrochemical reaction kinetics
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