Simulation of laminar flow/bubble-nucleation and growth at the interface of the nickel electrodeposition
In order to investigate the evolution of bubble,the variation of Ni2+concentration field,the characteristics of nucleation and the growth of nickel crystals at the substrate/electrodeposition solution interface in the low-flow laminar flow during the process of nickel electrodeposition,a simulation mod-el of bubble/laminar flow-nickel crystal nucleation and growth coupled electric field,low-flow laminar flow field,concentration field,and bubble/solution/nickel crystal multiphase field has been estab-lished,which was calculated using the finite element method.The results showed that during the period of the pre-nucleation bubble desorbing from the nickel matrix to the boundary of the concentration diffu-sion layer,the nickel atoms on the surface of the matrix in the bubble upstream and downstream zones nucleated according to a transient nucleation mode,and when left the Ni2+diffusion layer,due to the low-Ni2+concentration zone and the effect of laminar convection and Ni2+diffusion,the nickel crystals grew preferentially along the direction of Ni2+flow then form nickel dendrites,The highest dendrites were found in the bubble upstream zones.Compared with this results,in the course of the post-nucleation bubble detaching from the nickel matrix to the boundary of the diffusion layer,the eddy current generated by the bubble can only cause the nucleated nickel crystals to grow unevenly;after bubble left the Ni2+concentration diffusion layer,the nickel crystals subsequently grew in the form of dendrite,and the rapidest growth direction of nickel crystals depended on the direction of Ni2+flow.
multi-field couplingnickel electrodepositionsimulationbubblesflow field
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