Three Issues about the Ritual of Expressing Thanks to Kings in the Zhou Dynasty
The ritual of expressing thanks in the Zhou Dynasty includes the practice of expressing thanks and the rites thereafter conducted by the recipient,which was an important reflection of the development of the relationship between kings and ministers,and the sense of superiority and inferiority in terms of etiquette.The reward-granting bronze inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty recorded some variations of"bai qi shou".Actually,"bai shou ye shou","bai shou qi shou"and"qi shou"were the same as"bai qi shou"in essence,and"bai shou"was used for the recipient to thank the"you zhe".After expressing thanks,the recipient must perform a ritual called"shou ce ling pei yi chu",and"pei"was a noun referring to the official uniform.The inscription stated that women should perform the"qi shou"ritual to thank the reward of the queen,while Shao Yi of The Book of Rites recorded that women were supposed to perform"su bai"in the same situation.Women could not kowtow to the ground because of heavy hair and ornaments,so they did not need to perform the"qi shou"ritual.But they had to do the"qi di"ritual,which was used for blessed events.The inscription might have used the words describing men's ritual and caused some blurring effect,and Shao Yi might refer to rituals in the late Zhou Dynasty.So they neither conformed to the actual thanks-expressing ceremony performed by women of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
Zhou Dynastyexpressing thanks for rewards receivedbai qi shoupei yi chuexpressing thanks by women after receiving rewards
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