A Comparison of Deism,Pantheism and Moral Theology:On a General Nature Religion
Natural religion and natural science are not in conflict,but are closely related. Natural religion is developed on the basis of deism and pantheism. Deism puts God outside or above the world,thinking that it created the material world and its laws and then left it alone. Although this view eased the confrontation between religion and science,it also made the moral issue of how to achieve happiness and freedom become difficult. Spinoza's pantheism transforms deism in two aspects:First,it equates God with the material world and its laws itself;Second,it strengthens its role in moral guidance or ethical norm. However,Kant opposed Spi-noza's pantheism and deism,and advocated to replace it with moral theology. Kant did not completely defeat deism. His reasons for opposing deism are debatable,and his moral theology and deism are in parallel,can be included in a general natural religion. To a certain extent,the general natural religion is a return to Spinoza's pantheism.
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