摘要
晚唐五代时期大多数"V得(不得)"依赖未然语境表达能性语义,少数"V得(不得)"可以用于具有现实性特征的惯常句中.宋、金、元时期"V不得"开始用于已然的事态句中,标志着能性述补结构"V得(不得)"彻底摆脱对未然语境的依赖,发展成熟.近代汉语时期能性述补结构"V得(不得)"表达能力、条件可能、道义许可、认识可能四种语义.V可以是自主性动词,也可以是非自主性动词,宾语可以是简单的名词、代词,也可以是复杂的主谓、动宾、状中结构.宋、金、元时期出现"程度副词+V得"结构,程度副词为主观大量程度副词,表示人具有某种"强能力",明清时期该结构增多,程度副词仍以主观大量程度副词为主,但极少数非主观大量程度副词也可以用于该结构,除表示人具有某种"强能力"义外,还可以表示经济状况.清后期,"V得(不得)"使用数量锐减,现在普通话中已很少使用,但保留在南方方言中.
Abstract
In the late Tang and Five Dynasties,most of "V de (bu de)" depended on the irrealis context to express possible meaning,only a few of "V de (bu de)" can be used in the realistic characteristics habitual sentences. In Song,Jin and Yuan Dynasties,"V bu de" can be used in realis sentences,this symbolized the potential verb-complement construction "V de (bu de)" developed maturely. In Modern Chinese,the potential verb-complement construction "V de (bu de)" expressed ability,conditional possibility,obligation permission,and epistemic possibility. The V can be autonomous verb or non-autonomous verb,the object can be noun,pronoun or subject-predicate construction,verb-object construction,adverbial-head construction. In Song,Jin and Yuan Dynasties,the "Degree adverb+V de" structure appeared,and the degree adverb was the subjective large quantity degree adverb,the structure expressed the "strong ability". In the Ming and Qing Dynasties,the structure "Degree adverb+V de" increased,the degree adverb was mainly the subjective large quantity degree adverb,but very few non-subjective large quantity degree adverb could appear in the structure. Except for the expression of "strong ability",the structure also expressed economic situation. In the late Qing Dynasties,the potential verb-complement construction "V de (bu de)" reduced,it is rarely used in Standard Chinese,but it is retained in Southern dialects.
万方数据