Research progress of hard carbon anode materials for potassium-ion batteries
With the rising demand for large-scale energy storage systems,potassium-ion batteries with cost and resource advantages have attracted widespread attention. In practical applications,hard carbon is considered to be one of the most promising anode materials for potassium-ion batteries due to its abundant resources,low cost,environmental friendliness,high structural tunability,etc. However,to date,hard carbon anode still faces challenges such as limited specific capacity,low reversibility of potassium intercalation,and poor rate performance. To this end,this paper systematically summarizes the research progress of hard carbon anode materials for potassium-ion batteries,introduces the microstructural characteristics of hard carbon together with its electrochemical potassium storage process,and elucidates the structure-activity relationship between the microstructure and the potassium storage mechanism. Subsequently,to address the challenges of hard carbon anode,this paper summarizes and proposes three strategies to enhance the potassium storage performance:structure modulation,heteroatom doping,and electrolyte optimization. Finally,the development direction of future research on hard carbon anode for potassium ion batteries is envisioned,including aspects such as novel materials design,new electrolyte optimization,and in-depth understanding of the electrode reaction mechanism,all of which contribute to promoting further development of hard carbon anode materials for potassium-ion batteries.
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