The adaptive development of population-cultivated land-grain system is a key concern related to the people's livelihood and China's economy.Further,the proposed adaptive development serves as a major issue reflecting the sustainable development of regional food security.Accordingly,this study assesses the adaptability of China's population-cultivated land-grain composite system for the period ranging from 2004 to 2020 by employing the spatial variation function,GTWR model,and Markov chain to reveal the relevant spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics and influencing factors.The main findings are as follows:(1)The adaptability demonstrated an overall slow growth in fluctuation from 2004 to 2020;further,the adaptability level exhibited the characteristics of"main grain production area＞grain main sales area＞production and sales balance area"during 2004-2014;subsequent to 2014,the main sales area declined in consecutive years;thereby,falling to the third position.(2)Furthermore,there is a gradual uplift in the spatial difference in terms of adaptability,whereas the spatial correlation became the central factor influencing the spatial variation.Consistent with this,the extent of spatial variation in the northeast-southwest direction continued to strengthen,thus,displaying prominent migration characteristics.(3)In the context of dynamic evolution attributes,the system adaptation type exerts"path dependence"and"self-locking"influences,whereas the neighborhood background plays an imperative role in its dynamic change process.Alternatively,the higher the fitness level of the neighboring region,the stronger the probability of transferring to the higher level of the type area,and vice versa.(4)Furthermore,adaptability is reportedly influenced by capital status,planting structure,government support for agriculture,industrial structure,and international trade.Meanwhile,the aforementioned influences of each factor demonstrate significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity,among which,industrial structural adjustment significantly accelerates the development of the main food-producing regions in terms of the adaptability of the main production areas,the level of international trade to improve the main marketing areas mainly in the performance of the positive role,planting structural adjustment,and the positive force of fiscal support for agriculture augments over the time.
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