17 至 19 世纪,东南亚地区吸引了大量外来移民,其中中国移民群体尤为显著.这一时期,郑信、莫玖和罗芳伯等华人移民群体领袖,相继成为暹罗、湄公河三角洲及婆罗洲等一些地区的外来统治者.作为"有能力的人"(Man of Prowess),这些华人政治领袖通过与当地人通婚,发挥了自身卓越的经济和军事才能,成功地吸引不同群体的追随者.他们在当地的统治体现了一种独特的"陌生人-王"模式.在这一模式中,外来统治者并不是单纯依靠获得当地民众的支持来确立自己的权威,而是首先构建以本族群追随者为核心的支持基础,随后逐步赢得本土居民的拥护,最终在异国他乡确立自己的统治.这种"陌生人-王"统治模式突出了族群力量的重要性.就当时的情况而言,华人政治领袖在东南亚的出现并非孤立现象,当时东南亚地区还出现了白人及阿拉伯人等"陌生人-王",出现这种现象的根源在于东南亚本土的社会文化结构、商业世界主义和曼陀罗政治规则.这些"陌生人-王"政治领袖遵守本土的社会文化规范,并依据曼陀罗的互动规则行事,成为相互嵌入的本土曼陀罗体系中的一部分.
The"Stranger-King"Theory and Chinese Political Leaders in Southeast Asia from the 17th to 19th Centuries
From the 17th to the 19th centuries,the region of Southeast Asia attracted a large number of immigrants,among whom Chinese immigrant groups were particularly significant.During this period,leaders of Chinese immigrant groups such as Zheng Xin,Mo Jiu,and Luo Fangbo successively became foreign rulers of Siam,the Mekong Delta,and Borneo.As"men of prowess",these Chinese political leaders leveraged their exceptional economic and military talents and intermarried with local people to successfully attract followers from diverse groups.Their rule in these areas exemplified a unique"stranger-king"model.In this model,foreign rulers did not simply rely on the support of local people to establish their authority.Instead,they first built a support base centered around followers of their own ethnic group,and then gradually won the support of local residents,and ultimately established their rule in a foreign land.This"stranger-king"governance model highlighted the importance of ethnic power.Furthermore,the emergence of Chinese political leaders in Southeast Asia at the time was not an isolated phenomenon.The region also saw the rise of"stranger-kings"among white and Arab populations.The roots of this phenomenon lay in local social and cultural structures of Southeast Asia,commercial cosmopolitanism,and the mandala political rules.These"stranger-king"political leaders adhered to local social and cultural norms and acted according to the interaction rules of the Mandala,becoming part of the interwoven local mandala system.
Chinese Political LeadersMen of ProwessStranger-KingMandala System
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