摘要
印度英语作家R.K.纳拉扬的《向导》描写了处于前工业时期的摩尔古迪小镇天人和谐的生态环境,居民们与自然紧密相依、拥有稳定的住所.然而在现代化的冲击下,小镇已不复往昔.进入消费时代的摩尔古迪在工业文明发展观的影响下,自然被商品化,社会关系走向异化,社会个体面临着处所被剥夺、精神被摧残的危险.小说表达了对消费主义和过度现代化的警惕和批判,对处于现代化发展中的印度及印度青年的未来表示担忧.通过描写主人公拉朱在旱灾中的苦修及其在苦修之前的回忆,纳拉扬为现代个体重寻生态理想指出了实践路径.人们通过简化物质生活、积极保护自身的自然性,可以达到新的理想境界.纳拉扬的生态思想受自身成长环境、印度传统自然观以及现代英国的浪漫主义自然观和美国超验主义思想的影响,呈现出杂糅性和有限性的特点,他的生态思想为现代社会个体的生态实践提供了具体指导,重申了印度乃至东方传统生态智慧的博大精深,对现代社会的"第二次启蒙"具有重要意义,对当代生态叙事具有一定的启发性.
Abstract
Indian English writer R.K.Narayan's The Guide depicts the harmonious ecological environment of a small town of Malgudi during the pre-industrial era,where the inhabitants live in close connection to nature and have stable homes.However,under the impact of modernisation,the town has become an ecological utopia.Entering the age of consumerism,Malgudi,influenced by the perspective of industrial civilization,witnesses nature being commodified,social relations becoming alienated,and individuals facing the danger of being deprived of their places and having their spirits crushed.The novel expresses vigilance and criticism against consumerism and excessive modernisation,voicing concerns about the future of India and its youth amid modernization.Through the portrayal of the austerity of the protagonist,Raju,during the drought and his memories before the austerity,Narayan points out the practical path for modern individuals to rediscover the ecological ideal.By depicting changes of Raju's state in prison and at the altar,his psychological activities and his recollections of Rosie,Narayan suggests that modern man can only achieve re-inhabitation of life by building ecological premises for himself.By simplifying their material life and actively preserving their naturalness,people can reach a new ideal state.Narayan's ecological philosophy,shaped by his upbringing,Indian traditions,British romantic naturalism,and American transcendentalism,is marked by hybridity and finiteness.It offers practical guidance for modern ecological practices,highlighting the depth of traditional Eastern wisdom and contributing to the"Second Enlightenment"and contemporary ecological narratives.
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