Subway operation cars are important equipment for construction of urban rail transit projects. Traditional subway operation car applies a 247 kW diesel engine as the power source, which produces high working noise and seriously endangers the physical and mental health of operators. Therefore, researching a new energy subway operation car has been becoming a necessary choice to adapt to social development. The paper studies the principle and structure of the energy supply system and control system of new energy subway operation cars, compares their advantages and disadvantages with traditional subway operation cars. Through practical application, they have certain advantages in energy conservation and environmental protection.