首页|Multi-Elemental Chemostratigraphy,Sequence Development,Depositional History,and Environmental Importance of Early Eocene Red Beds(Kuldana Formation)in NW Himalayas,Pakistan
Multi-Elemental Chemostratigraphy,Sequence Development,Depositional History,and Environmental Importance of Early Eocene Red Beds(Kuldana Formation)in NW Himalayas,Pakistan
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The Eocene Kuldana Formation(KF)in the Yadgar area of Pakistan,comprises a di-verse range of sedimentary facies,including variegated red beds of shales,mudstones,and sandstones,as well as interbedded limestone and marl.In this study,we conducted an integrated micropaleontologi-cal,sedimentological,mineralogical,and geochemical investigation to determine the depositional set-ting,biochronology,provenance,and paleoclimate of the KF.The study identified six lithofacies and six microfacies,which indicate a variety of environments ranging from floodplains and channels to the margins and shallow marine settings.The nannofossil biostratigraphy places the KF in the Early Eo-cene,more precisely the NP10 zone(Ypresian),and the fossil zone of benthic foraminifera classifies the study section as the Shallow Benthic Zone SBZ-8(Middle Ilerdian 2).In terms of petrography,the KF sandstone was classified as litharenite and feldspathic litharenite,while the QtFL diagram suggests a recycled orogen.Geochemical proxies indicate an oxidizing environment,a high-to-low regular sedi-mentation rate,moderate-to-intense chemical weathering in the source region,and a warm-humid to dry climate during the deposition of KF.Overall,the findings suggest that the deposition of KF marks the end of Neo-Tethys due to the Early Eocene Indian-Kohistan collision and that the uplifting of the Himalayas provided the source for the deposition of KF in the foreland basin.The study provides new insights into the depositional environment,biochronology,provenance,and paleoclimate of KF,and highlights the potential for red beds as reliable indicators of oxygenation levels in proximity to mineral deposits.
Institute of Geology,University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir,Muzaffarabad 13100,Pakistan
Department of Historical Geology-Paleontology,Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment,School of Earth Sciences,National and Kapodistrian University of Athens,Panepistimiopolis,Zografou 15784,Greece
Institute of Earth Sciences(ISTE),University of Lausanne,Lausanne CH-1015,Switzerland
Department of Geology,Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University,Sheringal 18050,Pakistan
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