首页|Kerogen Kinetic Distributions and Simulations Provide Insights into Petroleum Transformation Fraction (TF) Profiles of Organic-Rich Shales
Kerogen Kinetic Distributions and Simulations Provide Insights into Petroleum Transformation Fraction (TF) Profiles of Organic-Rich Shales
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Two hundred and fifty single first-order Arrhenius reactions are simulated to generate S2 pyrograms at three heating rates 25, 15, and 5 ℃·min-1. The activation energy (E) and pre-exponential factor (A) of the reactions simulated follow a long-established trend of those variable values displayed by shales and kerogens. The characteristics of the transformation fraction (TF) profiles (product gener-ation window temperatures) of the simulated single reactions are compared to the TF profiles of record-ed shale pyrograms generated by multiple reactions with different E-A values lying near the defined E-A trend. Important similarities and differences are observed between the TF profile values of the two data-sets. The similarities support the spread of E-A values involved in shale pyrogram best fits. The differ-ences are most likely explained by the complexity of the multiple kerogen first-order and second-order reactions contributing to the recorded shale pyrograms versus the simplicity and crispness of the single first-order reactions simulated. The results also justify the validity of using the previously described "variable E-A pyrogram-fitting method" of multi-heating-rate shale pyrograms enabling optimizers to choose multiple reactions from an unlimited range of E-A values. In contrast, further doubt is cast on the validity of the constant-A pyrogram-fitting method used by the Easy％Ro technique, in that a distri-bution of reactions with a single A value is unlikely to represent the complex variety of kerogen macerals observed in shale formations. TF profiles generated by the variable E-A pyrogram-fitting method lie close to the established E-A trend and are likely to provide more realistic TF generation window temper-atures than TF profiles generated by the constant-A pyrogram-fitting method.
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