Observational Research on the Inter-ocean Exchange Between the Tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans and Its Climatic Effect
Inter-ocean exchange between the tropical Pacific and the Indian Ocean,which relies on throughflow from the Pacific to the Indian Ocean,serves not only as a crucial conduit for the exchange of mass,momentum,and energy between the Indo-Pacific basins,but also as an oceanic channel for the propagation of climate anomalies between the Pacific and Indian Oceans.In addition,it plays a key role in the closure of the Great Ocean conveyor belt by facilitating the compensation of surface waters in the deep Atlantic.Therefore,interocean exchange is a pivotal component of global ocean and climate systems.It has been recognized as one of the most important academic hotspots for ocean circulation in interocean change regions and their related climates.Since the 1990s,international cooperative actions have been conducted,focusing on the observation of inter-ocean exchange.Starting in 2007,Chinese researchers have conducted observations in the main strait and channels of interocean exchange regions by collaborating with Indonesian researchers.Currently,they have established the largest on-site array for the synchronous observation of interocean exchange.The array covers the key inflow,throughflow,and outflow regions.This paper reviews the major progress and open issues of inter-ocean exchange from four aspects:① multiscale variations of inter-ocean exchange,② cross-scale and ③ cross-basin interactions,and ④ modulation of the primary climate modes of the Pacific and Indian Oceans.The prospects of the key research goals for the next five to ten years are also outlined.
Inter-ocean exchangeOcean observationIndonesian throughflowSouth China Sea branchMulti-scale variationsClimate change
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