The primary treatment for diabetes involves subcutaneous insulin injections;however,long-term administration of insulin through injections can result in pain,needle phobia,reduced adherence,and an increased risk of infection.In contrast to subcutaneous in-jection,percutaneous delivery provides a non-invasive method of delivering insulin to the skin barrier at a predetermined and controlled rate.Nevertheless,transdermal drug delivery of peptides and other biomacromolecules is hindered by barriers formed by the outermost layer of the skin.Enhancing drug permeability and introducing additional driving forces for drug delivery pose significant challenges in transdermal drug administration.This paper introduces two approaches-microneedle technique and drug carriers-aimed at addressing the issue of percutaneous insulin delivery.
维普
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