湿地公园等现有自然保护体系能否有效保护越冬水鸟一直是鸟类保护生物学重点关注的问题,本研究于2021年1至3月在新疆玛纳斯国家湿地公园采用卫星跟踪法研究了大天鹅(Cygnus cygnus)的活动区及其与湿地公园的关系.通过对5只来自成鸟群和4只来自有幼鸟的家庭群(幼鸟家庭群)的大天鹅共3 657个位点的分析,运用自相关的核密度估计法(autocorrelated kernel density estimation,AKDE)计算大天鹅的活动区与核心活动区,并用广义线性混合模型(GLMM)对比了成鸟群和幼鸟家庭群大天鹅活动区和核心活动区面积,以及它们对玛纳斯国家湿地公园利用程度的差异.研究结果显示:(1)幼鸟家庭群和成鸟群大天鹅的活动区和核心活动区面积以及与湿地公园重叠的比例、日平均移动距离均没有显著差异;(2)相较于幼鸟家庭群,成鸟群在湿地公园外的位点距湿地公园更远、在湿地公园外停留时间更长,表明成鸟群和幼鸟家庭群在湿地公园的利用上有差异.尽管越冬大天鹅成鸟群与幼鸟家庭群的活动区大小没有差异,但它们对湿地公园的利用方式存在差异,越冬大天鹅幼鸟家庭群更倾向在湿地公园内活动,而成鸟群更多在湿地公园外活动.幼鸟家庭群偏好在国家湿地公园内活动的原因可能是那里人为活动干扰少,食物资源更丰富,安全性更高.基于以上结果,建议相关管理部门制定有针对性的保护措施,以实现对大天鹅越冬地的有效保护管理.
The Comparative Study on the Activity Area and Wetland Park Utilization of Wintering Juvenile Family Groups and Adult Groups of Whooper Swan in Manas,Xinjiang,China
[Objectives]The wintering phase is a critical component of the avian life cycle,providing essential habitats for waterfowl in wetland reserves.However,there is ongoing uncertainty in accurately assessing the utilization of these reserves by wintering waterbirds,raising concerns about the effectiveness of current conservation measures.Satellite tracking technology presents a real-time monitoring solution,offering crucial data for precisely measuring waterbird habitat usage during winter.This technology enables accurate quantification of waterbird wintering habitats in relation to protected areas.[Methods]In January 2021,a large net cage was deployed in Manas National Wetland Park,Xinjiang,China,capturing 22 Whooper Swans Cygnus cygnus using food triggers.These swans were subsequently equipped with'backpack'solar-powered satellite trackers.Due to equipment malfunctions and a limited number of valid locations,data from nine individual swans were obtained,five from adult groups and four from juvenile family groups.After excluding data from the initial week of satellite tracking and from swans that had departed their wintering grounds,a total of 3 657 locations for nine swans were analyzed.Autocorrelated kernel density estimation(AKDE)was employed to compute individual activity areas,we then compare the sizes of activity areas between swans from the adult groups and juvenile family groups,and derive ten movement metrics.Additionally,generalized linear mixed models(GLMM)were used to investigate the relationships between movement metrics and the utilization of wetland parks by Whooper Swans in different groups.[Results]The daily distance covered by Whooper Swans averaged 2.43±0.49 km,with an average activity area size of 4.18±1.27 km.The mean activity range of juvenile family groups was 2.61 times larger than that of adult groups,and the mean core activity area size was 0.97±0.30 km,with juvenile family groups being 2.49 times larger than adult family groups.Juvenile family groups consistently exhibited larger metrics than adult groups across all three aspects.Although juvenile family groups had larger wintering ranges than adult groups,the difference was not statistically significant.Activity areas overlapped with wetland park covers(14.87％)for both juvenile family and adult groups.Juvenile family groups displayed a higher proportional overlap with wetland parks compared to adult groups,indicating a greater tendency for juvenile family groups to move within wetland parks,although no significant differences were observed.Juvenile family groups had a higher rate of locations within the wetland park compared to adult groups.Adult groups exhibited a greater mean distance of locations from the wetland park than juvenile family groups,suggesting that adult family groups focus more on activities outside the wetland parks.[Conclusion]The results indicate that although there is no significant difference in the size of activity areas between wintering adult and juvenile family Whooper Swan groups,there are notable differences in their utilization of wetland parks.Juvenile family groups prefer to spend more time within wetland parks due to reduced human disturbance,richer food resources,and higher safety level.Based on these findings,it is recommended that relevant management authorities develop targeted conservation measures to effectively protect and manage wintering areas for Whooper Swans.
Cygnus cygnusActivity areaProtection effectivenessSatellite trackingManas National Wetland Park
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