Research Progress on Measurements and Characteristics of Biomarkers in Marine Aerosols
Marine aerosol is an important fraction in marine air,which directly or indirectly affects the energy budget of the earth sys-tem and climate change.Biomarkers including lipids,carbohydrates,lignins,and proteinaceous compounds in marine organic aerosols can be used to identify the sources of marine aerosols and provide important biogeochemical information.However,the detection and quantification of these biomarkers are challenging due to the low concentrations of individual organic species in marine aerosols.This paper reviews the latest research progress of biomarkers in marine aerosols,including detection methods,molecular compositions,sources and influencing factors.The combination of high-resolution chromatography and mass spectrometry has been widely used to de-tect biomarker compositions,and some newly developed methods have also been applied.The variation patterns of the concentrations of lipids and carbohydrates in marine aerosols were similar,both higher in the offshore seas and lower in remote oceans.Their composi-tions and concentrations also show significant seasonal variations with the change in meteorological conditions and emission source types and intensity.These results indicated that most of these molecules were long-range transported in the atmosphere from the continent.Nevertheless,previous studies have emphasized the marine biological sources of proteins and amino acids in marine aerosols,and ami-no acids were strongly enriched in submicron particles.Proteins can be oxidized during long-range transport,resulting in atmospheric photochemical degradation.A high proportion of lignins in marine organic aerosols have been observed over remote ocean.Finally,we highlight the necessity to further investigate the biogeochemical cycles of biomarkers in the land-ocean-atmosphere interfaces.
marine aerosolsbiomarkersmolecular compositionlong-range transport
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