摘要
通过观察分析荟萃一国政治、经济与文化精华的首都来认识国家品格,可以作为国家理论的一个重要补充分支.纵观世界各国,很少有像俄罗斯一样曾经拥有两座首都的国家.18世纪初彼得一世将首都从莫斯科迁至圣彼得堡,显示俄罗斯决心要走一条全新的发展道路.而新的首都圣彼得堡在之后通过不断地与以故都莫斯科为代表的旧传统相拮抗的方式,在关于"何处才是俄罗斯真正中心"的徘徊往复之中,与莫斯科共同形塑了俄罗斯的国家品格.本文首先考察了从俄罗斯帝国时期经苏俄、苏联时期再到俄罗斯联邦时期首都迁移的历程,指出迁都是一种精英人力、物质资源与权力象征的转移.然后通过对比莫斯科与圣彼得堡两座首都在建筑规划、风俗习惯与社会思潮三个维度上的差异,指出俄国一直存在着在"莫斯科式"与"圣彼得堡式"的身份认同与国家品格之间的纠结.最后,本文认为俄罗斯的国家品格与首都迁移和地缘政治格局的互动密不可分.莫斯科和圣彼得堡从早期分别代表俄罗斯"向内"的"陆地性"与"对外"的"海洋性"的面向,到当今完成了融合发展,这是俄罗斯近现代需要同时处理大陆问题与海洋问题的地缘政治格局所决定的.
Abstract
Observing and analyzing a nation's capital,which encapsulates its political,economic,and cultural essence,can serve as an important supplementary branch of national theory to understand the national character.Throughout the world,few countries have had two capitals as Russia.In the early 18th century,Peter the Great moved the capital from Moscow to St.Petersburg,signaling Russia's determination to pursue a totally new development path.Subsequently,by continually counteracting the old traditions represented by the former capital,Moscow,and through the oscillation about"where the true center of Russia lies",both Moscow and St.Petersburg jointly shaped the national character of Russia.This article first examines the history of capital relocation from the period of the Russian Empire through the Soviet era to the Russian Federation,highlighting that capital relocation represents a transfer of elite human resources,material resources,and symbols of power.Then,by comparing the differences between Moscow and St.Petersburg in terms of architectural planning,customs,and social ideologies,it points out the persistent entanglement in Russian identity and national character between the"Moscow style"and the"St.Petersburg style".Finally,the article argues that the national character of Russia is inextricably linked to the interaction between capital relocation and the geopolitical landscape.From early representations of Moscow's"inward"continental focus and St.Petersburg's"outward"maritime orientation to their current integrated development,this reflects the geopolitical structure of modern Russia,which must address both continental and maritime issues simultaneously.
NETL
NSTL
万方数据