摘要
仇恨犯罪是基于对特定群体的偏见而实施的犯罪行为,常见的类型有民族、种族、宗教信仰、国籍、性别、性别认同等.美国关于仇恨犯罪的法律体系经历了长期的演进,目前形成了联邦和州的二元立法模式.虽然关于仇恨犯罪立法还存在一些诸如限制言论自由、偏见含义模糊、造成双重危险等争议,但整体来看仍具有相当的合理性,是仇恨犯罪治理中的重要方法.目前的主要问题并非立法本身,而是在司法实践中如何认定仇恨犯罪.
Abstract
Hate crimes are criminal acts committed on the basis of prejudice against a specific group of people,including people belonging to common types such as ethnicity,race,religious beliefs,nationality,gender,and gender identity.The hate crime legal system in the United States has evolved over time and now has a dualistic model of federal and state legislation.Although there are still some controversies about hate crime legislation such as restricting freedom of speech,blurring the meaning of prejudice,and creating double jeopardy,it is still quite reasonable on the whole and is an important method in hate crime governance.The main issue at present is not the legislation itself,but how hate crimes are recognized in judicial practice.
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