Structural evolution and sodium storage properties of γ-ray irradiated hard carbon
In this study,self-doping defects were introduced to optimize the interlayer spacing and pore structure of hard carbon by γ-ray irradiation.The effects of the absorbed dose on the interlayer spacing,internal defects,and disordered structure of hard carbon were investigated through scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),Raman spectroscopy,and isothermal nitrogen adsorption/desorption.The electrochemical properties were investigated using the constant current charge-discharge.The results showed that the surface crystallinity and disordered structure of hard carbon increased with the absorbed dose.Moreover,the electrochemical properties of hard carbon were clearly improved.At a dose of 140 kGy,hard carbon presented a high specific surface area of 425.343 m2/g and provided a sodium storage capacity of 300 mAh/g at 30 mA/g;the high current density capacity remained at 195 mAh/g at 1 A/g,suggesting that the electrode capacity increased three-fold.Excellent stability was also maintained during high-rate charge-discharge.This work provides new approaches and ideas for the design of advanced nanomaterials and defect engineering applications in the field of energy storage.
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