Organized crime is not only a criminal phenomenon but also a complex and unique form of joint crime.The reason why the differentiated and unitary imputation models fail to address the issue of imputation of or-ganized crime is that they misunderstand how crime is committed in organized crime.In organized crime,the crime is committed by the organization as a whole,and individual responsibility lies in the failure to fulfill the risk control obligation for the organization as a"source of danger".Therefore,the imputation of organized crime should be analyzed within a"holistic-reductionist"two-tier framework.At the holistic level,adjudica-tive rules focusing on organizational interests and norms should be formed based on the theory of order.At the reductionist level,the risk control scope for organizational members should be reasonably defined to deter-mine whether they have fulfilled the risk control obligation,and a differentiated connotation of"intention"for heads and other group members should be adopted.
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