Rubber composites always undergo strain softening and hysteresis recovery behaviors,i.e.,Mullins effect,under the action of large strain loading-unloading cycles.This effect significantly affects the service behavior and structural stability of materi-als under cyclic load,but the mechanism of Mullins effect has been extremely controversial for 120 years,and its theoretical models are difficult to effectively guide the processing of rubber composites and regulate the Mullins effect.Herein the main Mullins effect mechanisms involving damages in"filler structure",the filler-rubber interface,and the rubber phase and the defects of such mecha-nisms were listed.The main academic ideas,applications and limitations of developed"damage models"and their theories in combi-nation with the microstructural changes accompanying the Mullins effect were also briefly introduced for clarifying the main reasons for the academic debate in theoretical research.Based on the work of the author's group,the viscoelastic mechanism of the Mullins effect was proposed,and several regulatory strategies of the Mullins effect were demonstrated so as to further prospect the develop-ment directions of theoretical research and regulation technology in the future.
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