Injustice in Arctic Cooperation:Manifestations,Causes,and Responses
The idealized focus on cooperative activities helps participating actors to assume that justice is the norm,while injustice is merely an anomaly.In recent years,as the Arctic's significance in global politics,economics,and environmental matters has grown,Arctic cooperation has exposed issues of injustice that justice theories struggle to address adequately.This paper begins by tracing the theory of justice in cooperation within the field of international relations through the lens of"injustice",then seeking to promote a re-examination of injustice in international cooperation and global governance by analyzing the issues of injustice in Arctic cooperation.The relationship between justice and injustice is complementary.Therefore,the issue of injustice in Arctic cooperation reflects the absence or misapplication of cooperative justice in the Arctic.It arises from the neglect,violation,or failure to uphold the principles of cooperative justice.This paper analyzes four aspects of injustice in Arctic cooperation:first,the practical injustice of environmental governance,from both internal and external dimensions,serves as the starting point for issues of injustice in Arctic cooperation;second,injustice within cooperative mechanisms directly impacts the fairness and effectiveness of Arctic cooperation;third,the distribution of national interests in Arctic cooperation is uneven which also demonstrates the state of injustice;fourth,significant injustices also exist in the realm of human rights and interests.The economic factors,power asymmetries within the cooperative framework,exclusionary motives,a lack of justice principles as well as socio-cultural factors collectively contribute to the injustice in Arctic cooperation.Envisaging the future development of Arctic cooperation,it is possible to foster an open concept of cooperation,cultivate a culture of consensus,and shape a long-term symbiotic mechanism for cooperation.This approach can encourage the international community to rethink and reassess the ethical foundations of global cooperation and governance,gradually achieving justice in global governance.
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