首页|Swarming caddisflies in the mid-Cretaceous

Swarming caddisflies in the mid-Cretaceous

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Swarming,as a special form of mating aggregation,is most noteworthy in insects of the orders Ephemeroptera,Diptera,and Trichoptera.Swarming in extant trichopterans is well understood in terms of sex composition,specific mating behaviors,and functional morphological specializations of adults,but an exploration of the evolution of such aggregative behaviors is hampered by the dearth of available examples from the fossil record as well as the ability to reliably distinguish the few gatherings as the result of swarming relative to other taphonomic or behavioral factors.Herein we describe five new fossil species of caddisflies preserved in mid-Cretaceous amber from Myanmar,all preserved as large aggregations.Monospecific aggregations of these five new species can be positively identified as swarms based on morphological traits of wing shape,as well as the presence of particular forms of sexual dimorphism.Results of a phylogenetic reconstruction of both molecular and morphological data as well as ancestral-trait reconstructions and tip-dating analyses indicate that swarming was likely present in the Triassic as a feature of the trichopteran groundplan.Since most Mesozoic insectivorous predators were diurnal based on morphological evidence,largely nocturnal caddisflies would have been freed from such pressures.The phylogeny also shows a correlation between the rise of nocturnal bat predators from the Paleocene or early Eocene and the repeated loss of swarming from various clades of caddisflies,revealing the potential impact of bat predation on reshaping the behavioral landscape of Trichoptera during the Cenozoic.

swarmingcaddisfliesCretaceousancestral-trait reconstructions

Jiajia Wang、Michael S.Engel、Weiting Zhang、Chungkun Shih、Rui Qiu、Dong Ren

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College of Life Sciences,Capital Normal University,Beijing 100048,China

Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution,Institute of Zoology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China

Division of Invertebrate Zoology,American Museum of Natural History,New York 10024,USA

Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas,Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos,Lima 7345/7445,Perú

Departamento de Entomología,Museo de Historia Natural,Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos,Lima 7345/7445,Perú

Hebei International Joint Research Center for Paleoanthropology,Hebei GEO University,Shijiazhuang 050031,China

Department of Paleobiology,National Museum of Natural History,Smithsonian Institution,Washington,DC 20013,USA

National Natural History Museum of China,Beijing 100050,China

College of Life Sciences,Capital Normal University,Beijing,100048,China

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National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaScience and Technology Project of Hebei Education DepartmentNatural Science Foundation of Hebei ProvinceBJAST Young Scholar ProgramsSpecial financial support of the Beijing GovernmentCONCYTEC through the PROCIENCIA program'Interinstitutional Alliances for Doctorate Programs'

422882014220202532020103006BJ2021011D202040300224CE-YS-01PE501084299-2023-PROC1ENCIA-BM

2024

10.1093/nsr/nwae227

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ISSN：
年,卷(期)：2024.11(8)
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