摘要
贵金属因其独特的物化性质广泛应用于高新技术领域,在催化、能源、光电和医药等多领域具有重要价值.我国贵金属矿产资源较为匮乏,但作为工业体系健全的制造业大国,对贵金属的需求巨大,使得供需矛盾异常突出.开展贵金属二次资源回收能够缓解我国贵金属供需矛盾并带来巨大的经济效益.传统冶金方法在贵金属二次资源回收工艺上存在着诸多问题,例如能耗高、成本高、流程长、环境污染严重等.生物浸出作为一种新兴的绿色技术,具有绿色环保、能耗低、成本低、选择性高等优点,在贵金属资源利用方面得到广泛关注,成为目前贵金属冶金科学研究的热点.本文综述了生物浸出贵金属的研究进展,包括涉及的微生物种类、作用机制、影响因素以及该技术面临的挑战与发展前景.
Abstract
Owing to their distinctive physical and chemical properties,precious metals are extensively utilized in high-tech industries including catalysis,energy,optoelectronics and medicine.Precious metal mineral resources are relatively scarce in China.However,since China is a major manufacturing nation with a robust industrial system,its demand for precious metals is substantial,resulting in a pronounced contradiction between supply and demand.Recycling secondary resource of precious metals can alleviate this contradiction and bring huge economic benefits.There are many problems existing in traditional metallurgical methods to recycle precious metal secondary resource,such as high energy consumption,great costs,long processes,and serious environmental pollution.As an emerging green technology,bioleaching offers several advantages,such as more environmentally friendliness,lower energy consumption,greater cost-effectiveness,and higher selectivity.It has attracted significant attention in the utilization of precious metal resources.This article reviews the research progress in the bioleaching of precious metals,focusing on the types of microorganisms involved,the mechanisms of action and the influencing factors.The challenges and development of this technology are also prospected.
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