Effects of foliar spray of trace and rare earth elements on mineral elements and main volatiles in developing grape berries
[Objective]The present study aimed at the effects of foliar spray with trace elements (TEs) and rare earth elements (REEs) on the contents of main volatiles in ‘ Cabernet Sauvignon’ (V.vinifera L.red cultivar) and ‘Chardonnay’ (V.vinifera L.white cultivar) berries,respectively.[Methods]The TEs solution consisted of six elements and the REE solution composed of 15 elements were respectively sprayed on the leaves around berry clusters in four different periods.The treatment with water was taken as the control.Grape berries were collected in three different periods.The contents of mineral elements in the treated and non-treated grape berries were examined through Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).Main volatile compounds were analyzed by the technique of headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).[Results]Similar absorbance for minerals was observed in these two grape cultivars.Among six TEs applied,Mo element increased significantly and the content of Cu element obviously enhanced only at either higher concentrations or with more frequent spraying.Other four elements presented irregular variation in TEs-treated berries and lacked the similarity between the two cultivars.The contents of REEs in grape berry all exhibited an accumulative increase along with application concentration and frequency.As for ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’,the foliar application of TEs significantly reduced the concentrations of (E)-2-hexen-1-ol,(Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and 1-hexanol in the grape berries of 1 1th week after flowering (WAF),and markedly enhanced the concentrations of (E)-2-hexenal and hexanal at harvest.But as for ‘Chardonnay’,the three C6 alcohols were significantly increased in unripe berries when TEs were foliar-sprayed,and five C6 compounds all had no significant difference between the treated and control berries at harvest.The treatment of REEs significantly reduced the content of (E)-2-hexena]in the grape berries of the two cultivars at11week.But at harvest,the contents of other four C6 compounds were similar statistically between the REEs treated berries and the control,except that hexanal was increased by REE spraying.The concentrations of terpenes and β-damascenone in the two grape cultivars were not altered significantly for the spraying of either TEs or REEs.[Conclusion]These observations indicate that mineral elements mainly affect the accumulation of C6 volatiles with green leaf odor in grape berry,and have almost no influence on the production of terpenes or β-damascenone with floral and fruity odor.
GrapeTrace elements solutionRare earth elements solutionFoliar sprayVolatilesMineral elements
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