Evolution and Challenges of the Supervisory Examination System for Officialdom in the Qing Dynasty——A Perspective on Jingcha
Jingcha is a supervision and assessment system for officials by the Qing government,based on the"Four Categories and Six Laws"criteria.The Jingcha system developed and improved continuously with the estab-lishment and consolidation of the Qing Dynasty,from Caishouzhengnian to Shaicaizhengnian,and from Four Cate-gories and Eight Laws to Four Categories and Six Laws.Whether it was the rectification of official governance or the appointment and removal of officials,Jingcha had a certain effect and had a positive impact on the governance of the Qing Dynasty,especially in the early Qing Dynasty.However,the disparate attitudes of the four emperors-Shunzhi,Kangxi,Yongzheng,and Qianlong-towards Jingcha prevented its stable development during its early stage,and the central government's vacillation led to officials'negligence in implementing Jingcha.By the later pe-riod of the Qing dynasty,both the monarch and officials were weary,and although Jingcha was still carried out according to tradition,it had become rigid,unable to contain the rampant abuse of power and the frequent in-stances of officials offering bribes to evade punishment for their transgressions.As a system aimed at governing and securing the well-being of the people,Jingcha found itself in a predicament,wherein while officials bore some blame for their dereliction of duty,the primary responsibility lies with the Qing government.
JingchaFour Categories and Six LawsImpeachmentBribery to Avoid Punishment
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