Most of the ladle lower nozzles used in steel plants are compression molded with aluminum-carbon materials.Compression-molded lower nozzle is a carbon-containing product with certain thermal conductivity,low thermal shock stability,low HMOR,and uneven bulk density,making it prone to fracture,perforation,steel inclusion,etc.in the process of use.In contrast,the cast lower nozzle does not contain carbon material,leading to low thermal conductivity of the casting body.The refractory part is closely combined with the steel shell to form mutual protection,and the cast lower nozzle has uniform bulk density and high fracture resistance.