Food safety issues,such as contamination and excessive chloropropanol levels,have attracted extensive attention worldwide.As the most common representative of chloropropanol food contaminants,3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol(3-MCPD)can be found in a variety of foods,such as soy sauce,vegetable oils,infant formula,cereal-based products,and coffee,rendering its intake unavoidable.Ingested and absorbed 3-MCPD residues are distributed to various organs and tissues via the body's circulatory system,thus causing health hazards.3-MCPD exposure elicits various toxic effects,the main ones being nephrotoxicity,hepatotoxicity,reproductive toxicity,neurotoxicity,immunotoxicity,and carcinogenicity.Although extensive research on the nephrotoxicity and reproductive toxicity of 3-MCPD has been performed,its complicated toxicity mechanisms have yet to be clearly elucidated.This review article summarizes the physicochemical properties,sources,and toxicokinetics of 3-MCPD,with a particular focus on discussing the progress in research on its toxicity and mechanisms of action.It provides a foundation for understanding the toxicity and control of 3-MCPD offering valuable references for the prevention and control of food safety problems caused by chloropropanols and assessment of their health risks.
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