Monism or Dualism:Views on Zhu Xi's Philosophy about Human Nature and Reasons for the Difference
Is Zhu Xi's philosophy about human nature monism or dualism?There has been controversy in academic circles about this topic.To answer the above question,the author believes there are two key steps.Firstly,the denotation and perspectives.For one thing,the relationship between"Li"(理,moral principles and natural rules)and"Qi"(气,spirit)should be the basis of understanding the denotation of this philosophy;for another,perspectives of cosmology or ontology,facts or value should be taken into consideration in order to sort out the controversy over this issue among the School of Mind,the School of Qi and the Post-Neo-Confucianism from.Secondly,the"two perspectives"of Wei Xiao's philosophy of human nature can be employed as reference:the first holds that"what we are born with is called nature".It opposes human nature against cultivation and defines human nature from the ontological and factual levels.This is the first tradition in studying human nature;the second perspective,on the other hand,defines human nature from dimensions of practice and value.It claims that"the morality given by heaven is human nature"and believes in the unity of morality,human nature and Dao.This is the second tradition in studying human nature.The above two key points contributes to our understanding of the causes for the controversy about monism or dualism,and helps to understand Zhu Xi's philosophy of human nature in the context of"Li and Qi are inseparable"and"human nature is princi-ple".The conclusion of the present study:this philosophy embodies both"the will of heaven"and"cultiva-tion".In other words,"monism is dualism".
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