"Following Later King":Xunzi'Logical Reforming of the State Ethics of Confucius and Mencius
In traditional Confucian ethics,there is almost no essential distinction between family and state.Therefore,in the clan state,the king has the same identity with patriarch,which determines that the relationship between king and his subjects and that between father and sons.Since there was a transformation from clan state to regional state during the Spring and Autumn period,the idea must be challenged by this.Confronted with the situation,Confucius and Mencius insisted the traditional idea,and Xunzi selected an appropriate adjustment.He logically deconstructed the fundamental position of family ethics in national politics,using"qi","knowledge",and"righteousness"as objective standards in the context of the universe.He divided all things into four levels:water and fire,vegetation,animals,and humans,proving that humans are the most precious,thus establishing the basis for human rule over all things.In society,by distinguishing between natural biological beings and those under the rule of rulers and masters,it is emphasized that social beings are superior to biological beings,ultimately proving that rulers are the most precious and establishing the basis for their rule.Due to the revision of national ethical thinking inevitably leading to changes in practical political operations,the idea of"after the late king"emerged.This is the inevitable result of Xunzi's logical transformation of traditional national ethical thinking,and it is also the application of logical methods,which has strong reference significance for modern national governance.
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