Toxic effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles in invertebrates:A review
In recent years,due to the unique physicochemical properties of cerium oxide nanoparticles(CeO2NPs),the production scale and application range of these particles have gradually expanded.However,CeO2NPs are inevitably released into the environment during production,transportation,and commercialization,which can cause environmental pollution,and their biosafety has received increasing attention.Invertebrates are an important component of biological taxa.In this review,studies performed in China and other countries and published in the past 10 years are studied.The effects of CeO2NPs on invertebrates in terms of bioaccumulation,behavioral response,tissue damage,growth and development toxicity,immunotoxicity,reproductive toxicity,genotoxicity,and the influencing factors of CeO2NPs toxicity are reviewed.Furthermore,the toxicity mechanism of CeO2NPs in invertebrates is discussed.Finally,new research direction are proposed to study the toxicity,safe production,and application of CeO2NPs in the future.
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