摘要
碳基复合材料凭借优异的高温力学性能、低密度及强抗热震能力,已成为航空航天、深空探测及高超声速飞行器应对极端服役环境的核心材料.然而,其在高温有氧环境中的氧化失效严重限制了工程化应用.抗氧化防护技术已被证明是提升碳基复合材料服役寿命的有效策略.针对其在高温条件下的热防护与长寿命需求,本文系统概述了近年来在基体改性技术、表面涂层设计及超高温陶瓷粉体优化等方面提升碳基复合材料服役性能的研究进展.此外,还探讨了功能化碳基复合材料在复杂服役环境中的应用潜力,特别是在高温吸波隐身材料与仿生防冰涂层等领域的技术突破.针对当前技术瓶颈,提出未来研究需聚焦于多尺度结构协同设计、制备工艺工程化及综合性能评估标准化,以推动碳基复合材料在极端服役条件下的广泛应用.
Abstract
Carbon-based composites,characterized by excellent high-temperature mechanical properties,low density,and strong thermal shock resistance,have become critical materials for addressing extreme service environments in aerospace,deep-space exploration,and hypersonic vehicles.However,their oxidation failure in high-temperature oxidative environments severely restricts their engineering applications.Oxidation protection technology has been proven to be an effective strategy for extending the service life of carbon-based composites.This paper systematically reviews recent advancements in enhancing the performance of carbon-based composites through matrix modification techniques,surface coating designs,and the optimization of ultra-high-temperature ceramic powders.The application potential of functionalized carbon-based composites under complex service environments is also explored,with particular attention to breakthroughs in high-temperature wave-absorbing stealth materials and bioinspired anti-icing coatings.In response to existing technological challenges,future research directions are proposed,including multiscale structural design,engineering optimization of fabrication processes,and standardization of comprehensive performance evaluation systems,to promote the widespread application of carbon-based composites in extreme service conditions.
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