The mechanisms by which glycoside compounds of Chinese medicinals treat bone nonunion include promoting osteoblast dif-ferentiation,inhibiting osteoclast formation,enhancing angiogenesis,and reducing inflammatory responses,etc.These compounds achieve multiple therapeutic objectives through multi-pathway,multi-target,and multi-efficacy strategies to promote bone formation and inhibit bone destruction,etc.However,current research faces limitations,such as insufficient depth in mechanistic studies,lack of large-scale clinical trials,inadequate drug delivery systems,lack of consideration for individual variability,and unclear long-term side effects.Future studies should focus on in-depth exploration of molecular mechanisms,clinical trials to validate efficacy and safety,improvements in drug delivery systems,personalized treatments,evaluation of long-term side effects,and potential integration with other therapies.These efforts may open new strategies and perspectives for clinical treatment of bone nonunion.
glycoside compounds of Chinese medicinalsfracturebone nonunionosteoblast